A Comparison of Beatrice and Hero in Much Ado About Nothing :: comparison compare contrast essays

Compare/Contrast Essays - Comparison of Beatrice and Hero in Much Ado About Nothing In the play of `Much Ado About Nothing', Beatrice is portrayed as a witty and strong willed woman who talks a great deal, appearing determined not to marry. However, Don Pedro concocts a plot that brings her together with Benedick and they marry at the end. She was an orphan, the niece of Leonato. Her most obvious objective is to stay a lonely spinster. She has known Benedick for years and because he wants to be a bachelor their hate for the opposite sex clashes- until they fall in love that is. She never realized that she could love anyone other than her self until she found someone that was the exact copy of her. Once she fell in love she couldn't be helped. The author portrays Beatrice as being very dominant and strong woman. I believe she protects her cousin and her family from the accusation that has been projected towards Hero as this has insulted not only Hero but also her family. When she is in the tabernacle with Benedict and confessing her love for him....she shows her demanding nature by essentially forcing Benedict to choose between the brotherly love of men and the loyalty of a man to his wife. Beatrice knows that she must destroy Benedict's former male bonding. Her order is therefore a command for Benedict to support her against Claudio, and represents the only way for them to have a mature relationship. Although being quite intelligent, Beatrice does manage to appear gullible when she overhears Hero and another woman discussing Benedict and Beatrice's relationship. So this can be seen that Beatrice does have a softer side as well. Beatrice is the ever-witty Lady Disdain, outspoken and opinionated niece of Leonato. She and Benedick are involved in a "merry sort of war". Always ragging on each other in a sort of easy going way, but never the less hurting each other's feelings. Both are cynical about Love. Beatrice is described by her uncle to mock all of her wooers out of suite.

An Incident That Changed My Life Essay

I admire a lot of people but the person I admire the most is my sister Rufaro .She has come to be the most important person in my life. There is no reason for me to live without her by my side. Rufaro is a nurse. She loves to help other because she says it was always her dream ever since she was a child. She works hard and she likes to learn something new every day. She leads a wonderful family life; she is always cheerful and happy. My sister has now been married for about 5 years and is a great mother to all her three children .She takes care of her family and still manages to find time for us. I just do not know where she gets that strength from. I admire her because she is very intelligent, ambitious and she has many goals in her life. My sister has a great enthusiasm about life that it becomes infectious when she is around other people .She also is a wonderful counselor and friend, very patient, sensitive and warm-hearted. She knows answers to almost every question, even those very silly ones. She is wise, patient and, sensible; she even helps others to solve their problems. She is also great fun to be with as she has a great sense of humor. Believe me; everybody who knows her says that about her. Even though Rufaro is younger than me in age, she is very important to me, because she teaches me to be a better person every day. She is an example to me and I love her for many more reasons. She always wants the best for our family .I wish everybody could have a person like Rufaro in their lives. Read more:Â  Essay About A Book That Changed My Life

Psychic Export Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2494 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Coursework Header Sheet 130795-287 Course Course School/Level Coursework Assessment Weight Tutor Submission Deadline 000355877 . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Psychic Export Market" essay for you Create order Tutors comments Grade Awarded___________ For Office Use Only__________ Final Grade_________ Moderation required: yes/no Tutor______________________ Date _______________ A review of psychic distance and their implications on the network relations of SME’s in international business. Introduction This literature review will be based on how psychic distance will have an impact on how organisations employ global marketing strategies; how cultural and political factors play an important role when an organisation chooses to have foreign business interest. It also provides a critic of the global strategy by citing emergence of triad markets and a research on a suggested business term, which is brought upon as an implication of exporting of global trading. Psychic distance has in many ways a major impact on how SME’s networking is measured. Through the different articles that I have studied there are many theories which can be applied. Export development Exporting is one of the most common ways in which SME’s will enter the global market. This is seen as an advantage as to other market strategies because there is low risk. Psychic distance has shown that SME’s have to face challenges such as difference in language, consumer behaviour, cultural standards, legal framework or purchasing power. Bilkey and Tesar (1977), for example, advise firms to initate exports with culturally close markets, before they enter more psychically distant. (Barbara Stottinger, 1998, p. 357) Other studies have stated the five main aspects would be: language of the country; accepted business practices; economic environment; legal system; and communication infrastructure Also there is the aspect of cultural dimension of psychic distance within SME’s when operationalising the construct. For example taking Hofstede’s (1980) measures uncertainty avoidance and cultural distance to form a composite index of cultural distance. However it is argued that summary character suuch as perosnality, value orientation renders the concept of psychic distance an outhstanding preedictor for exort behaviour. the general nature of geographical diversity that a SME will face would be as mentioned above. (Barbara Stottinger, 1998, p. 357) Furthermore analysing the concept of psychic distance with the relationship to export activities with countries. Psychic distance is not based how far geographically the country is but its maps the individually precieved distances between the home and target market which effects Geographic closeness usually results not only economic relation, but manifest itself also in more cultural and social interactions, which a re supposed to reduce pyshic distance. From my reseach it indicated that psychic distance showed no significant effect on export performance also that export distance did not have a siginficant impact on the change of export performance over time. The study of O’Grady and Lane have suggested that business factors, such as legal and compettitve envirpoments, need to be incleded when conceptulisng distance. (Barbara Stottinger, 1998, p. 359) Importance of psychic realtions The research has also indicated the higher the level of psychic distnace, the greater the time and effort required to develop successful business realtionships. There are various implementations invovled in relationship marketing startegy in international markets. My studies indicate that the higher the level of psychic distance, the greater the effort required. If this is the case then this would usggest that the consitiuent varoables of psychic distance should be important factors influenncing the development of SME’s and ther networking relationship marketing startegies. When SME’s are exporting internationally it is important to consider that the important factors would be commitment as this would be a social bonding, as a degree of mutual personal friendships and liking shared by the buyer and seller. (Tony Conway, 2000, p. 1391) Buyers and sellers who have a strong personal realtionship are more commited to maintaing the relationship than less socially bonded partners. Many aspects of relations between customers and suppliers cannot be formalised or based on legal criteria. Instead realtionships have to based on mutaul trust. (Ford, 1984, p.18) Along with commitment trust is a vital factor, these key elements in a realtionship as they encourage marketers to work at preserving relationship investments, by co-operating with exchange partners. With exprtong internationally, networking for SMEs there are many complications, once again it has been pointed out that the greater the distance, the harder to achieve and more rescoure intensive will be process of relationship development. (Tony Conway, 2000, p. 1399) For example when partners will view one anotehr as culturally dissimliar, the feeling of lack of common graound may result in higher degree of percieved behavioural uncertainty. As a consquence the parties may be more likely to place their trust in leagal and written documents. (Morosini 1998 p.140) The more diffe rent the other person’s culture seems, the greater the degree of culture distance. Cultural distance is a potentionally powerful determinat of the way relationships can develop. Working in an international context, the usccess (or otheriwse) of an research marketing based tsragety is dependant both on the stage of relationship development on the degree of psychic distance that exists. Exporting through psychic distance Assumptions of psychic distance is negaticley related with export development and organisational performance. It is argued that businesses whose home country is characterised by a huigh leve of economic development, and developed and concentraed industry structure will perfom well, if not better, in developing marekt because if the distinct opportunity that are available. From my research studies have chosen me that the operating psychillcally close country does not necessarily lead to superior performance. Therefore networking internationally for SME’s either can be a negative factor or a poistive. Furher I have taken into account other elments as findings have indicated to me that they did not support a negative realtionship the concluded that psychic distance has very limited explanatory power. However the study has indicated that SMEs seeking to expand into more foreign markets as the the results indicate that they do not need to focus on similar markets only. (Jod y Evans, 2000, p.164) From my findings other articles indicate that the significance of key factors in SMEs and the external relationships they are able to develop support through internationalisation. As above they articles have not really seen psychic distance as a good impact. One of the explanations would point towards the networks in providing assistance and over coming initial resource and competency gaps. Effective functions of the networks depends on the quality of inter-personal relationships that sustain them. (Bilkey,W.J, Tesar, G 1977 p. 93) There are a range of factors that may trigger and facilitate SME internationalisation has encouraged the integrative modeling of how they contribute to different internationlisation pathways. The theory of Crick and Spencer also added that subsequent internationalisation sometimes required the development of new networks, and was contingent on a whole host of events, whereas further penetration of existing markets could be faci lied by existing networks. I have decided to explain the significance of exporting through Brazil and how UK SMEs were able to network internationally. SMESs will try and expand their business in order to offer themselves new opportunity for market expansion. However studies show that there is a threat to their existing markets. For example I have taken a greater study in Brazil and from this the big attraction was the gas and oil sectors. The way in the Brazilians communicated would be a form of personal meeting which provided a business type of relationship as a new entry to their market. From this the company now accounts for 10 percent of their 14 total export sales values. The relationship that they were able to build through there exports was socio-commercial. (Johanson and Vshlne, 1977, p. 23) This helped as having a strong relationship with a Brazilian partner can be quite functional for coping with an uncertain and distant environments. Studies of Brazilian culture portray it as strongly oriented towards sociability and inter-personal relationships. it also characterised by high levels of conflict avoidance and ambiguity. These features will reinforce the need to conduct business transactions on a basis of personal liking and trust rather than heavily relying on formal and contractual agreements. (Rodrigues and Barros, 2002, p.528). The value of internationlising SMEs of accessing overseas networks is now receiving greater attention. Networking is a very important factor as the study for the Brazilian market indicated. One of the company did business in Brazil explained that going out their you need to build network of friends and contacts. Although mentioned that the bureaucratic side of things that they still did not really understand. However that is very important to have someone that they could rely on. However as going to a new country their will always be a challenge as language and is trust are the main keys elements (Article 1, p. 14). This can make it difficult for foreign SMEs to establish contacts with relevant business networks without local help. Some SMEs have reported that in order to network in Brazil by the various exports -promoting agencies. the quality of local people who can link a UK company into wider networks, and the quality of relationships forged with them, emerge as crucial success factors. (Article 1, p. 15) Studies have indicated that companies have been unsuccessful, in the oil and gas sector however this was linked to networking. The companies were not able to find reliable employees or agents who they could network through. This indicates that networking is very important and getting it right as well in the process can either make you successful or unsuccessful. It shows that the companies entering the new foreign market environment are not just technical in nature, Social and culturally-sensitive skills are required. As mentioned above this would apply the theories set a bove for psychic distance. It shows that there are various factors that will need to be implemented such as how socially different countries are and language, education etc. Psychic distance whist exporting in Brazil The size and growth of the foreign markets might have attracted an offset in the minds of business decisions makers and problems posed by psychic distance. This could be the case, for example, with decisions to do business with China, and it might also apply to other larger emerging markets such as Brazil. Firms may therefore opt to engage with large and dynamic economies before approaching other countries that exhibit lower levels of psychic distance. (Article 2, p. 5) The cultural distance includes differences in language and social norms; administrative distance includes differences in political system, government policies and institutions; and economic distance includes differences in income levels, infrastructure, human and other resources. From this study the greatest distances tended to be perceived in language, regulations and legal system. The largest gap between psychic and its impact was for the system, followed by geographical distance. The dimension with the mid- point was the differences in languages and the regulations between Brazil and the UK. From the data to the importance of different dimensions of psychic distance in the internationalization process. Yet many firms decided to expand to Brazil despite perceived differences. The way that companies were able to over come this issue and the problems they faced was the help of competent and trusted Brazilian agent, distributor or partner. (Article 2, p.16). This will lead to fewer difficulties due to the differences in culture, educational level, logistics, regulations and business ethics and overall will make networking efficient which leads to good performance for exporting. Further more, the encompasses that determinants of a firms export behaviour highlights that synthesis is possible at two broad levels (Aaby and Slater, 1989; Ford and Leonidou, 1991): The external environment level, that includes factors that the individual exporter can only control to a very limited extent, such as macro-economic, social, physical, cultural, and political aspects, as well as industry characteristics that influence export behaviour and performance; and The firm level, also referred to as organizational determinants, that includes those structural and behavioural aspects within the firm that have a potential effect on exporting (Leonidou, 1998a). Initially highlighting the three categories of internal determinants of export behaviour analysed, namely structural characteristics, managerial characteristics, and managerial attitude and perceptions about export activity, helped explain the three export variables under study: export intention; propensity; and intensity. First, export intention was positively related to: a firms competitive position in new product development; and managerial perception that export is advantageous for their firms, as it may improve both global competitiveness and corporate performance. Second, export propensity was positively influenced by: a firms experience in geographic market development; and managers foreign language proficiency. (Sonia M. Suà ¡rez-Ortega, Francisca R. à lamo-Vera, 2005, p. 258) Finally, export intensity is positively associated with a firms experience in geographic market development, and managers foreign language proficiency and experience abroad, while negatively affected by the importance given by managers to the lack of internal resources acting as a barrier to export. In sum, these findings could be suggesting that there exist differences in the set of determinants of exporting when export intention, export propensity, or export intensity is the dependent variable under analysis. Conclusion The various articles have shown a similar understanding in how SMEs network internally and apply this to the literature review, the different the views clearly show that psychic distance does not really consist in the business world today. However the importance of psychic distance between countries has diminished as a result of the increased interaction brought about through the globalization of markets. The studies do not support negative relationship they could conclude that psychic distance has very limited explanatory power. However, the study has important implications for firms seeking to expand into foreign markets as the results indicate that they do not need to focus on similar markets only. However it could be argued that psychic distance does not directly influence the exporting behavior for SMEs. References Books: International business: environments and operation; John D. Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan, 11th edition Journals : Babara Stottinger, (1998), â€Å"Explaining export development through psychic distance: enlightening or elusive† International Marketing Review, Volume 15. Tony Conway, (2000), â€Å"International relationship marketing The importance of psychic distance† European Journal of Marketing, Volume 34. Ford, D. (1984), â€Å"Buyer/seller relationships in international industrial are all about† European Journal of marketing, Volume 14. Jody Evans, (2000), â€Å"Explaining export development through psychic distance†, International Marketing Review, Volume 17. Babara Stottinger, (2000), Psychic distance: a concept past its due date? International Marketing Review, Volume 17. Bilkey, W.J, Tesar, G (1977) â€Å"The export behaviuor of smaller Winsconsin manufactruing firms†, Journal of International Business S tudies, Volume 8. Johanson and Vshlne, (1977), â€Å"The mechanism of internalisation†, International Marketing Review, Volume 7. Morosini, P (1994), â€Å"Post-cross-border acquisitions: implementing ‘national culture-compatible†, European Management Journal, Volume 12. Article 1: The Process of SME Inernationalisation: British Firms Entering Brazil. Article 2: Reviving and Extending the Multi-Dimensional Concept of Psychic Distance: Evidence from Smaller Firms Exporting to Brazil (2006). Jody Evans, (2000), â€Å"Psychic distance and the performance of international retailers A suggested theoretical framework, International Marketing Review, Volume 17. Rodrigues S.B and Barros B, (2002) Management in Brazil. In Warner, M (ed) 2nd, The International Encyclopedia of Business and Management. London: Thompson Learning. Sonia M. Suà ¡rez-Ortega, Francisca R. à lamo-Vera, (2005), SMES internationalization: firms and managerial factors, Inter national Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, Volume 11.

Analysis Of The Writing Style Of Octavia Butler - 1432 Words

Tinotenda Muchenje Dr. Shinn Sophomore Seminar 25 September 2017 First Essay Assignment Kindred By Octavia Butler The writing style of Octavia Butler is heavily influenced by her historical period and her life experiences. This is evident through investigation of her historical period, life experiences, her novel; Kindred. Butler’s writing is a unique mixture of neo- slave narratives, exaggerated tales, cultural rituals, fantasy, folklore, science fiction, and spirituality. Butler uses science fiction and fantasy as a means of exploiting racism, suffering, and the black female narrative of isolation and disconnectedness from society in many of her novels, namely, Kindred. Though her intent was not to be a science fiction†¦show more content†¦Board of Education of Topeka (1954). This case said that segregated schools were unconstitutional and resulted in the forced integration of schools. Overall the civil rights era was an era where ideas of black power and black excellence proliferated. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the Black Panthers, and Malcolm X are often seen as symbolic figu res during this time. Even though black females like Ella Baker; Septima Clark; and Rosa Parks are not as recognized. Octavia Butler was born on June 22 1947 in Pasadena, California. She was the only child of Laurice and Octavia Margaret (Guy) Butler, but was raised by her mother and grandmother as a result of her father’s death during infancy. Her mother was a strict, overprotective, Baptist woman who worked tirelessly to support Octavia and her grandmother. Butler was immersed in a reality with strong female protagonists who endured extreme isolation, humiliation and misery. She watched her mother as she single handedly provided for the family and took the cruel, dehumanizing rhetoric of her white employers with a stone face. She listened to her grandmother, a slave who was forced to work in the cane fields of Louisiana, as she spoke of her past. As if their struggles were passed down through her blood, young Butler wore their mental scars like armour and spun exaggerated tales where their courage and heroism could be seen and commended. If my mother hadn t put up with all thoseShow MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants : A Critical Analysis1708 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†: A Critical Analysis Introduction: One of the many themes in his stories for which Ernest Heming way is known, includes feminism. At Hemingway’s time feminism was known as a famous movement and it affected many important writers like Octavia Butler and Virginia Woolf. Hemingway was a literary icon of his time and he was influenced by the political, social and human rights movements of his time. He was also touched by the hopelessness of women and how their thinkingRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages............................................................................25 Elizabeth Gurney Fry ...............................................................................................................................................25 Octavia Hill ..............................................................................................................................................................26 Arnold Toynbee ............................................................. ....

Martha Stewards Insider Trading Case Study Example

Essays on Martha Steward's Insider Trading Case Study The paper â€Å"Martha Steward’s Insider Trading" is a  dramatic example of a case study on finance accounting. The financial world relies on the integrity of information to make numerous decisions. The participants in the stock market are not supposed to have asymmetric information. Asymmetric information occurs when one party has superior information compared to others (Investopedia, 2011). Since everyone is supposed to have equal access to information the Securities and Exchange Commission prohibits the practice of inside trading. An insider can be defined as a person who is restricted from some kinds of trading in a company’s stock because he has access to privileged information (Teweles Bradley Teweles, 1992, pg. 538). The action of inside trading violates the fiduciary duty of the board of directors and the executive management team to safeguard the interest of their shareholders. Insider trading gives an unfair advantage to a person in the stock market. Tha t person can distort the price of common stocks by either selling or buying massive amounts of a stock based on privileged knowledge that can help that person illegally obtain above-normal profits from the transaction.Martha Steward took advantage of a personal relationship with Sam Waksal, CEO of ImClone, to obtain privileged information concerning the rejection of FDA approval for its cancer drug Erbitux (Hoffman, 2007). She used that information to avoid losses in the market by selling all her ImClone stocks a day before the FDA rejected the drug. The stock price went down after the announcement. I believe that the shareholder's interests were jeopardized. The CEO of the company put the company at risk by revealing trade secrets to outsiders. Martha should have never received that information from Waksal. The firm has to question whether its CEO had incurred in similar unethical behaviors in the past to help him and his friends' profit in the market. The interests of the sharehol ders were jeopardized because its CEO violated the SEC mandates. He placed the company at risk of fines and civil lawsuits.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Martha Steward case affected a lot the investor community. The general public was discussed at the fact that a billionaire worth nearly $750 million dollars would have such low ethical standards to use insider information to further increase her fortune. The accounting profession was at a crossroads at the time of this scandal which occurred in December 2001. The following year the SEC and the US Congress passed new legislation called the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. SOX raised the accountability of corporate officers. Unscrupulous CEOs such as Sam Waksal after the passage of SOX are now liable for up to 20 years in prison if found guilty of fraud. Society learned how important it is to protect information from getting into the wrong hands. Inside trading is now viewed in a harsher manner by society. The business community after this cas e realized that corporations needed better internal controls to prevent leakages of information that can hurt the integrity of the stock market. I believe that another lesson that was learned from the Martha Steward case is that greed can poison anyone.

Wwii (474 words) Essay Example For Students

Wwii (474 words) Essay WwiiSummary of World War II in EuropeIn World War II the Allied Forces had a â€Å"Europe First† campaign of invading the Atlantic countries before the Pacific. This is because Germany served as a bigger threat than Japan to the Allied Powers. In the United States, Franklin Delanor Roosevelt was the President. He kept America neutral at first, but later entered in after Pearl Harbor. George Patton was a popular U.S. Army leader who started tank warfare in America. Bernard Montgomery commanded the 8th Army which had victories in Europe including D-Day. At the near end of the war Omar Bradley toured through Germany notifying the rest of the world what had gone on there with all of the death camps during the Holocaust, which was where the murder of over 6 millioin Jewish people took place. Important leaders from other countries also arose during World War II. Joseph Stalin was from the USSR and was recognized as killing as many as 50 million of his own people from the USSR from b ad-mouthing him. He helped the U.S. by fight Japan while Britain and the U.S. fought Germany. Winston Churchill replaced Chamberlain for Britain’s Prime Minister in 1938. He showed great resistance to Germany and his people followed in the leadership. Lastly, Charles DeGaulle was the French leader who ran and exiled the Free French Government in London. Important places in Europe included sites such as Stalingrad and Normandy. Stalingrad perhaps was the bloodies battle in all of Europe, also a major turning point for the Allies during World War II. The other gruesome battle took place in Normandy, France. The battle was called D-Day and almost signified the end of German resistance. In the Belgian town of Dunkirk, British Naval forces rescued the bulk of the army along with some French and Belgian units. Due to the French surrendering, Germans attacked North Africa to support the failed Italian efforts. Under the leadership of General Erwin Rommel, German forces pushed eastward to take Egypt until the British at the Battle of El Alamain halted their advance. U-Boats, which were kind of like submarines, were the Germans’ main defense against Britain for naval battle. Adolf Hitler, the German leader planned all these offensives in his goal to rule the world. Benito Mussolini, the Italian leader helped Hitler achieve this goal s omewhat. While none of this was achieved the Allies attacked Sicily, then Italy moving north towards Rome. Because of his bad leadership and ruling, Mussolini was executed by his followers. The Battle of the Bulge was perhaps the end of the War for both sides in European warfare. Russian forces came in from the East and Allied forces from the West, centering in on Berlin to take over Germany, thus ending war on the European front. History

Drama Therapy free essay sample

Before choosing the one I wanted to explore, I had to literally revisit my old theories of personality’s book and after hours and hours of thinking and analyzing I decided that I should walk this path with Erik Erikson and his Developmental Theory. According to Alloy et al. (1999), â€Å"To Erikson, the major drama of development is the formation of the ego identity, an integrated, unique, and autonomous sense of self† (p. 102). Unlike Freud, Erikson’s theory proposes that the personality is a process which extends from birth to death and it doesn’t take place just in a specific stage of life but on the contrary, is a formative process. According to Erikson, psychosocial development involves changes in our interactions and mutual understanding as well as in our knowledge and understanding of us as members of society. Erikson’s idea of personality is based in the social influence, not in the individual psyche as Freud proposes. As Alloy et al. (1999) states, â€Å" Erikson saw personality development as deeply affected not only by the family but also by teachers, friends, spouses, and many other social agents† (p. 103). To understand Erikson’s theory it is always helpful to make a contrast between his theory and Freud’s. For Freud, it wasn’t the ego but the challenges to the id that would determine the personality. However, for Erikson the role of the ego is central in the developmental progression and it takes place on different stages. As Johnson and Emunah (2009) state, â€Å"†¦with each stage of life there are specific themes that manifest and individual’s way of viewing and interacting in the world, requiring defined roles for that person and significant others to enact† (p. 52). Erikson proposes eight different stages with different needs in each one of them; in fact four of these stages take place during childhood. Also his theory explains that in each of these stages there is a crisis or conflict that needs to be resolve. ( Feldman, 2006, p. 359) It is important to mention that for Erikson the failure in one of these stages does not necessarily represe nts that the person is going to fail in the following stages. The stages that Erikson describes through the psychosocial development theory are: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation and Ego Integrity vs. Despair. According to Erikson and as cited in Johnson and Emunah (2009), â€Å"Dysfunction and pathology emerge when these theme-based stages have been unsuccessfully integrated due to role deviation or dysfunctional environment† (p. 252). This is why it is important to resolve the â€Å"conflicts† that each stage presents in order to be prepared for the demands of the next one. However, when one of these stages is not nurtured and accomplished, the mental health of that individual is jeopardize and it is very probable that this person is going to be held in that specific stage. (Johnson amp; Emunah, 2009) This is where drama therapy appears to help the individual overcome these crises. According to the National Association of Drama Therapist (NADT), drama therapy is â€Å"An active, experiential approach to facilitating change. Through storytelling, projective play, purposeful improvisation, and performance, participants are invited to rehearse desired behaviors†¦.. [as they] perform the change they wish to be and see in the world† This definition provides very specific utilities and goals of drama therapy while it mentions different tools to achieve them. For the purpose of this paper we are going work with â€Å"purposeful improvisation† as it is presented how the concept of self and the stages’ crises are intrinsically connected with what is done though improvisation. When thinking about improvisation words such as spontaneity, unconscious, discovery of self, play, creativity, emotions, accepting first thoughts, and narrative, immediately come to mind ( Johnstone, 1992). Though, words like healing or therapy aren’t commonly associated with this theatrical technique. However, according to Chaplin and Gray (2010), There are compelling parallels between the creative and spontaneous moments that occur in the therapeutic encounter and in a two-person dramatic improvisation found in theater training. Both involve the imaginative and creative collaboration of the participants and both involve the mutual responsiveness of storyteller and listener. (p. 254)   Using this quote as reference, it would be suitable to say that improvisation, in fact, is a tool that can be used for therapeutic purposes. Specifically addressing developmental crisis, as presented in Erikson’s theory, improvisational exercise can be really useful, because of the unconscious areas of the brain that this theatrical technique can access. It is important to remember that individuals that experience traumatic events in one of these developmental stages respond to life challenges through the lenses of the stage they got stuck in. For example, if a client had a really traumatic experience in the first stage, where the development of trust is crucial, it is expected that this person is going to have trouble with trusting. The interesting thing about this is that it is very possible that the client is not going to be aware of this since this is product of unconscious processes. (Johnson amp; Emunah. , 2009, p. 54) However, according to Johnson and Emunah (2009),â€Å"The threads of the themes and roles are gradually revealed to the client through etiologically based exploratory role playing† (p. 254). Role playing theory is huge by itself, and it is not going to be discussed on this paper, but it is important to mention that this technique is a big part of improvisation. In fact, through role playing the client is a ble to go back to that specific stage and be that â€Å"child† or that â€Å"adolescent†, while on the other hand â€Å" The role of the therapist is paramount in healing early stages of development† (Johnson amp; Emunah, 2009, p. 54). This is being anything the client need the therapist to be in order to recreate the intended scene. The dynamic that takes place in a therapy session and in a theater scenario is practically the same. In words of Chaplin and Gray (2010), For both scenarios, â€Å"†¦the sense of not knowing what is going to happen ceases to be a threat and becomes instead an opportunity for spontaneous creative involvement. The improvisational skills that are essential to effective acting are teachable and relevant indeed, invaluable to psychoanalytic practice†(p. 65). What these authors are saying is the core of this paper; on one hand theatrical improvisation trains actors to perform effectively in a scenario, and on the other therape utic improvisation trains people to perform well and with mental health in the scenario of life. This improvisation, works as a therapeutic tool as it opens channels of communication with the disruptive self of the client. The situation with developmental crisis is that the notion of self that is build through the years is conditioned by the trauma the client has experience. In his case the work of the drama therapist is to provide non-threatening spaces of play and creativity where the client can be free to explore and discover that, through dramatic enactments he or she is able to learn how to live in the moment and responding to life challenges with spontaneity and openness rather than fixed to the role in which they got stuck. The problems that can be access through this improvisation are extensive. As Johnson and Emunah (2009) state, â€Å"Because the approach is by definition developmental, all ages from infancy to aging and dying are appropriate† (p. 55). In fact this improvisation through the developmental approach can serve people diagnosed with PTSD, autism, anxiety disorders, learning disabilities, eating disorders and addictions among others. Drama therapists can work with this developmental approach based on Erikson’s theory, in different ways. For example, Ritual Drama, using transformational theater, helps the client moving on to the next developmental stage, but not without valuing and recognizing the experience of that transition. In other words, this technique will provide a safe place for a person with an anxiety disorder that is fixed and stuck in the second stage of autonomy, where issues of control and power are very present, and where letting go is major step. Another drama therapy technique that can be very useful is the Developmental Theme Based- Improvisational Drama where the therapist suggests different scenarios or situations to be improvised but in an imaginary place, where the client can work with adaptation and re-adaptation. This could be potentially useful with children with autism, since for these kids adaptation is really difficult. (Johnson amp; Emunah, 2009) Improvisation is like this unique world in which everything is possible and where the unconscious meets the conscious as they dialogue looking for answers. As Chaplin and Gray state, Improvisation consists of moment-to-moment, affective engagement [and free expression] in which patient and analyst [therapist] co- create ways of being with each other. For both, the sense of not knowing what is going to happen ceases to be a threat and becomes instead an opportunity for spontaneous creative involvement. The drama therapy space and the therapeutic relationship becomes a place to review, resurface and rearrange: new relationships are developed. As stated in this paper, Erikson’s psychosocial and developmental theory of personality provides a space to approach and explain the rigidity of roles and life’s crisis through the lenses of the unconscious and the traumas that in some point disrupted one of the stages. As explained through these pages, drama therapy and its techniques seem to be appropriate and useful to help clients overcoming developmental crisis. In words of Johnson and Emunah (2009), â€Å" A clients recovery into wholeness means that s/he can fully experience the uniqueness of each moment†¦ and that s/he has the potential to be in relationship to the archetypal Self to that which can continuously provide the stage for involvement in developmentally stimulated life themes† (p. 280) Amen!!! References: Alloy, L. , Jacobson, N. S. , amp; Acocella, J. R. 1999). Abnormal Psychology: Current Perspectives (8th ed. ) McGraw-Hill College. Chaplin, R. amp; Gray, A. (2010). Theater and Therapy: How Improvisation Informs the Analytic Hour. Psychoanalytic Inquiry,  30(3), 254-266. Feldman. R. S. (2006). Psicologia con aplicaciones en paises de habla hispana. (6ta ed. ) Mexico: McGraw-Hill. Johnson, D. R. , amp; Emunah, R. (Eds. ) (2009). Current approaches in drama therapy. ( 2nd Ed. ) Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Johnstone, K. (1992). IMPRO: Improvisation and the theatre. New York, NY : Routledge.